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1 Forms of address
Only those forms of address in frequent use are included here ; titles of members of the nobility or of church dignitaries are not covered ; for the use of military ranks as titles ⇒ Military ranks and titles.Speaking to someoneWhere English puts the surname after the title, French normally uses the title alone (note that when speaking to someone, French does not use a capital letter for monsieur, madame and mademoiselle, unlike English Mr etc., nor for titles such as docteur).good morning, Mr Johnson= bonjour, monsieurgood evening, Mrs Jones= bonsoir, madamegoodbye, Miss Smith= au revoir, mademoiselleThe French monsieur and madame tend to be used more often than the English Mr X or Mrs Y. Also, in English, people often say simply Good morning or Excuse me ; in the equivalent situation in French, they might say Bonjour, monsieur or Pardon, madame. However, the French are slower than the British, and much slower than the Americans, to use someone’s first name, so hi there, Peter! to a colleague may well be simply bonjour!, or bonjour, monsieur ; bonjour, cher ami ; bonjour, mon vieux etc., depending on the degree of familiarity that exists.In both languages, other titles are also used, e.g.:hallo, Dr. Brown or hallo, Doctor= bonjour, docteurIn some cases where titles are not used in English, they are used in French, e.g. bonjour, Monsieur le directeur or bonjour, Madame la directrice to a head teacher, or bonjour, maître to a lawyer of either sex. Other titles, such as professeur ( in the sense of professor), are used much less than their English equivalents in direct address. Where in English one might say Good morning, Professor, in French one would probably say Bonjour, monsieur or Bonjour, madame.Titles of important positions are used in direct forms of address, preceded by Monsieur le or Madame le or Madame la, as in:yes, Chair= oui, Monsieur le président or (to a woman) oui, Madame la présidenteyes, Minister= oui, Monsieur le ministre or (to a woman) oui, Madame le ministreNote the use of Madame le when the noun in question, like ministre here, or professeur and other titles, has no feminine form, or no acceptable feminine. A woman Member of Parliament is addressed as Madame le député, a woman Senator Madame le sénateur, a woman judge Madame le juge and a woman mayor Madame le maire. Women often prefer the masculine word even when a feminine form does exist, as in Madame l’ambassadeur to a woman ambassador, Madame l’ambassadrice being reserved for the wife of an ambassador.Speaking about someoneMr Smith is here= monsieur Smith est làMrs Jones phoned= madame Jones a téléphonéMiss Black has arrived= mademoiselle Black est arrivéeMs Brown has left= madame Brown or (as appropriate) mademoiselle Brown est partie(French has no equivalent of Ms.)When the title accompanies someone’s name, the definite article must be used in French:Dr Blake has arrived= le docteur Blake est arrivéProfessor Jones spoke= le professeur Jones a parléThis is true of all titles:Prince Charles= le prince CharlesPrincess Marie= la princesse MarieNote that with royal etc. titles, only 1er is spoken as an ordinal number (premier) in French ; unlike English, all the others are spoken as cardinal numbers (deux, trois, and so on).King Richard I= le roi Richard 1er ( say Richard premier)Queen Elizabeth II= la reine Elizabeth II ( say Elizabeth deux)Pope John XXIII= le pape Jean XXIII ( say Jean vingt-trois) -
2 shapes
формировать; формаСинонимический ряд:1. forms (noun) casts; configurations; conformations; figures; formats; forms; patterns2. orders (noun) cases; conditions; estates; orders; repairs; trims3. makes (verb) assembles; builds; constructs; erects; fabricates; fashions; forges; forms; frames; makes; manufactures; molds; produces; put together; puts together4. models (verb) forms; models; moulds -
3 conventions
условия; условные обозначения; общепринятые способы; условностиscenic conventions — условности театра, театральные традиции
Синонимический ряд:1. contracts (noun) accords; agreements; bargains; bonds; compacts; concords; contracts; covenants; pacts; transactions; treaties2. customs (noun) amenities; customs; decorum; etiquette; formalities; manners; proprieties; protocol; rules3. forms (noun) forms; usage; usages4. meetings (noun) assemblies; conferences; congresses; convocations; meetings -
4 Menel
noun "heavens" Markirya, SA, "the heavens, the firmament" SD:401, "the apparent dome in the sky" MR:387. Menel Cemenyë "k" "Heaven and Earth" VT47:30. Found in names like Meneldil *"Heaven-friend" = astronomer Appendix A; Letters:386, Meneldur masc. name, *"Heaven-servant" Appendix A, Tar-Menelduras a Númenórean King, UT:210; menelluin *"sky-blue", used as noun = "cornflower" J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 193. Menelmacar "Swordsman of the Sky", the Orion constellation also called Telumehtar, Appendix E, first footnote; the older name was Menelmacil *"Heaven-sword" WJ:411; Meneltarma "Pillar of Heaven", name of the great central mountain of Númenor SA:tar, VT42:21.Menelya fifth day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the heavens Appendix D Locative meneldë "in heaven"; abandoned forms menellë, menelzë VT43:12, 16. Adj. meneldëa "being in heaven", evidently based on a locative form meneldë "in heaven"; abandoned forms menelzëa, menellëa, menelessëa VT43:13, VT44:16; the last of these forms would suggest the locative form \#menelessë. -
5 elongation
nounVerlängerung, die; (of limbs, neck) [Aus]recken, das; (of forms, shapes) Strecken, das* * *noun die Verlängerung* * *elon·ga·tion[ˌi:lɒŋˈgeɪʃən, AM -lɑ:ŋˈ-]the \elongation of a vowel die Dehnung eines Vokals* * *["iːlɒŋ'geISən]nVerlängerung f; (= stretching) Ausstrecken nt* * *1. Verlängerung f, (Längen)Ausdehnung f2. TECH Dehnung f, Streckung f3. ASTRON Elongation f (Winkel zwischen Sonne und Planet)4. PHYS Elongation f (Betrag, um den ein Körper aus einer stabilen Gleichgewichtslage entfernt wird)* * *nounVerlängerung, die; (of limbs, neck) [Aus]recken, das; (of forms, shapes) Strecken, das* * *n.Dehnung -en f.Verlängerung f. -
6 arc
(a part of the line which forms a circle or other curve.) bue* * *(a part of the line which forms a circle or other curve.) bue -
7 art
1) (painting and sculpture: I'm studying art at school; Do you like modern art?; ( also adjective) an art gallery, an art college.) kunst2) (any of various creative forms of expression: painting, music, dancing, writing and the other arts.) kunstart3) (an ability or skill; the (best) way of doing something: the art of conversation/war.) kunst•- artful- artfully
- artfulness
- arts* * *1) (painting and sculpture: I'm studying art at school; Do you like modern art?; ( also adjective) an art gallery, an art college.) kunst2) (any of various creative forms of expression: painting, music, dancing, writing and the other arts.) kunstart3) (an ability or skill; the (best) way of doing something: the art of conversation/war.) kunst•- artful- artfully
- artfulness
- arts -
8 cheque-book
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9 marital status
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10 plaque
1) (a plate of metal etc fixed to a wall etc as a memorial: His name was inscribed on a brass plaque.) mindeplade2) (a china etc ornament for fixing on the wall.) platte3) (a deposit of saliva and bacteria which forms on the teeth.) plak* * *1) (a plate of metal etc fixed to a wall etc as a memorial: His name was inscribed on a brass plaque.) mindeplade2) (a china etc ornament for fixing on the wall.) platte3) (a deposit of saliva and bacteria which forms on the teeth.) plak -
11 pus
(a thick, yellowish liquid that forms in infected wounds etc.) pus* * *(a thick, yellowish liquid that forms in infected wounds etc.) pus -
12 saliva
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13 scum
1) (dirty foam that forms on the surface of a liquid: The pond was covered with (a) scum.) skum2) (bad, worthless people: People of that sort are the scum of the earth.) bærme* * *1) (dirty foam that forms on the surface of a liquid: The pond was covered with (a) scum.) skum2) (bad, worthless people: People of that sort are the scum of the earth.) bærme -
14 topping
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15 writing
noun (letters or other forms of script giving the written form of (a) language: the Chinese form of writing; I can't read your writing.) skrift; håndskrift* * *noun (letters or other forms of script giving the written form of (a) language: the Chinese form of writing; I can't read your writing.) skrift; håndskrift -
16 art
1) (painting and sculpture: I'm studying art at school; Do you like modern art?; (also adjective) an art gallery, an art college.) arte2) (any of various creative forms of expression: painting, music, dancing, writing and the other arts.) arte3) (an ability or skill; the (best) way of doing something: the art of conversation/war.) arte•- artful- artfully
- artfulness
- arts
art n artetr[ɑːt]1 (painting etc) arte nombre masculino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLart dealer marchante nombre masculinoart deco art deco nombre masculinoart exhibition exposición nombre femenino de obras de arteart nouveau art nouveau nombre masculino, modernismoart school escuela de bellas artes————————tr[ɑːt]1 architecture→ link=be be{art ['ɑrt] n1) : arte m2) skill: destreza f, habilidad f, maña f3) arts npl: letras fpl (en la educación)4)fine arts : bellas artes fpln.• arte s.m.• artificio s.m.• ciencia s.f.• habilidad s.f.
I ɑːrt, ɑːt1)a) u ( object of aesthetics) arte mshe's studying art — estudia Bellas Artes; (before n) < class> de arte; ( in school) de dibujo
art exhibition — exposición f de obras de arte
art gallery — ( museum) museo m de arte
art school o college — escuela f de Bellas Artes; ( for minor arts) escuela f de Artes y Oficios
b) u c ( artwork) trabajos mpl artísticos2) arts pla)b) (BrE Educ) letras fpl3) (skill, craft) (no pl) arte m
II
I [ɑːt]1. N1) (=painting etc) arte mwork of art — obra f de arte
2) (=skill) arte m, habilidad f, destreza f; (=technique) técnica f; (=knack) maña f; (=gift) don m, facilidad ffine I, 1., 1)the art of persuasion/seduction — el arte de la persuasión/la seducción
3) (Univ)bachelor, masterFaculty of Arts — Facultad f de Filosofía y Letras
4) (=cunning) arte m2.CPDart collection N — colección f de arte
art college N — escuela f de Bellas Artes
art dealer N — marchante mf
art director N — director(a) m / f artístico(-a)
art exhibition N — exposición f de arte
art gallery N — (state-owned) museo m (de arte); (private) galería f de arte
art lover N — aficionado(-a) m / f al arte
art nouveau N — modernismo m
arts and crafts NPL — artesanías fpl
art school N — escuela f de Bellas Artes
Arts Council N — (Brit) institución pública encargada de la promoción de la cultura y de las actividades artísticas
Arts degree N — licenciatura f en Letras
Arts student N — estudiante mf de Letras
performanceart student N — estudiante mf de Bellas Artes
II
†† [ɑːt]PRESENT (thou form) of be* * *
I [ɑːrt, ɑːt]1)a) u ( object of aesthetics) arte mshe's studying art — estudia Bellas Artes; (before n) < class> de arte; ( in school) de dibujo
art exhibition — exposición f de obras de arte
art gallery — ( museum) museo m de arte
art school o college — escuela f de Bellas Artes; ( for minor arts) escuela f de Artes y Oficios
b) u c ( artwork) trabajos mpl artísticos2) arts pla)b) (BrE Educ) letras fpl3) (skill, craft) (no pl) arte m
II
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17 writing
noun (letters or other forms of script giving the written form of (a) language: the Chinese form of writing; I can't read your writing.) escriturawriting n1. letrayour writing is terrible! ¡tienes una letra horrible!2. escribir / escrituratr['raɪtɪŋ]1 (script) escritura; (handwriting) letracan you read my writing? ¿entiendes mi letra?2 (written work) composición nombre femenino, trabajo3 (occupation) profesión nombre femenino de escritor,-ra, trabajo literario; (activity) escribir nombre masculino1 obra, escritos nombre masculino plural\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLin writing por escritothe writing on the wall los malos presagioswriting desk escritoriowriting materials objetos nombre masculino plural de escritoriowriting paper papel nombre masculino de escribirwriting ['raɪt̬ɪŋ] n: escritura fn.• letra s.f.adj.• de escribir adj.n.• el escribir s.m.• escrito s.m.• escritura s.f.• profesión de escritor s.f.'raɪtɪŋa) u ( script) escritura fb) u ( written material)the wall was covered in writing — la pared estaba llena de pintadas or de graffiti
the writing is on the wall: the writing was on the wall for the company la compañía tenía los días contados; (before n) writing desk escritorio m; writing materials artículos mpl de escritorio; writing pad bloc m; writing paper — papel m de carta
c) u (BrE) ( handwriting) letra fd) u ( act of composing)e) u ( written composition) literatura ff) writings pl['raɪtɪŋ]1. N1) (=handwriting) letra f2) (=system) escritura f3) (=letters, words)I could see the writing but couldn't read it — podía ver que había algo escrito pero no podía leerlo
- see the writing on the wallthe writing is on the wall for the president/the company — el presidente/la compañia tiene los días contados
4) (=written work)5) (=activity) escritura fwriting is his hobby — su hobby es la escritura, su hobby es escribir
2.CPDwriting case N — estuche m para material de correspondencia
writing desk N — escritorio m
writing materials NPL — artículos mpl de escritorio
writing pad N — bloc m
writing paper N — papel m de escribir
writing table N — escritorio m
* * *['raɪtɪŋ]a) u ( script) escritura fb) u ( written material)the wall was covered in writing — la pared estaba llena de pintadas or de graffiti
the writing is on the wall: the writing was on the wall for the company la compañía tenía los días contados; (before n) writing desk escritorio m; writing materials artículos mpl de escritorio; writing pad bloc m; writing paper — papel m de carta
c) u (BrE) ( handwriting) letra fd) u ( act of composing)e) u ( written composition) literatura ff) writings pl -
18 ARC
(a part of the line which forms a circle or other curve.) arcotr[ɑːk]1 arco2 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL arco voltaicoarc n: arco mn.• arco (Matemática) s.m.ɑːrk, ɑːknoun (Astron, Math) arco mN ABBR1) (Med)= AIDS-related complex2) = American Red Cross* * *[ɑːrk, ɑːk]noun (Astron, Math) arco m -
19 arc
(a part of the line which forms a circle or other curve.) arcotr[ɑːk]1 arco2 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL arco voltaicoarc n: arco mn.• arco (Matemática) s.m.ɑːrk, ɑːknoun (Astron, Math) arco m[ɑːk]1.N arco m2.VI arquearse, formar un arco3.CPDarc lamp N — lámpara f de arco; (in welding) arco m voltaico
arc welding N — soldadura f por arco
* * *[ɑːrk, ɑːk]noun (Astron, Math) arco m -
20 plaque
1) (a plate of metal etc fixed to a wall etc as a memorial: His name was inscribed on a brass plaque.) placa2) (a china etc ornament for fixing on the wall.) placa3) (a deposit of saliva and bacteria which forms on the teeth.) placatr[plæk]1 placaplaque ['plæk] n1) tablet: placa f2) : placa f (dental)n.• placa s.f.plæk1) c ( tablet) placa f2) u ( Dent) sarro m, placa f (dental)[plæk]N (=plate) placa f ; (on teeth) sarro m, placa f (dental)* * *[plæk]1) c ( tablet) placa f2) u ( Dent) sarro m, placa f (dental)
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